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It's almost humorous to see a pilot student who has absolutely no fear of being up in the air at all and yet the motion creates nausea to the point of being sick to their stomach. This becomes most devastating and frustrating for the young students as they find it most difficult to be able to concentrate on what they have to do while in the air and yet still control themselves from being sick to their stomach.

It is no different than any other type of motion sickness and there are several things that can be done about it. If the individual knows that they have a tendency to be sick when it comes to motion then they could even discuss this with their family physician to see what could be taken safely to help control it.

It goes without saying that no drugs, whether prescription or over-the-counter to control motion sickness that has any side effects could be used. One of the drawbacks of using this type of medication is quite often it makes the individual drowsy. It is critical that the student pilot be totally alert. Even the aftermath from taking this type of medication can have its effects. there's a couple of things that one can do though that will perhaps help.

One of the best solutions of course is not to be partying the night before your flight. The very fact of being hung over and having motion sickness together must be the most devastating feeling one could have.

There are some individuals that have tried acupressure and find that it works really well then there are a lot of Chinese herbs as well that are excellent for motion sickness. These are totally safe to take and have no side effects to them.

One may also want to try drinking cold water in small amounts when this happens. Another excellent drink to take is a little bit of ginger and water as this has a great effect on settling the stomach down. The same with eating crackers prior to the flight will help.

Many pilots that suffer for motion sickness feel that if they don't eat before a flight it will better for them. The problem is this may stop the vomiting, but it certainly doesn't stop the nausea and it interferes with the concentration.

The deep breathing exercises also help as well to soothe the stomach. Some individuals even suggest that this could be a psychological condition and self-help hypnosis is an excellent resource. The best thing to do is to try all the different ways that are available until you can find one that works specifically for you.

If this seems to be a serious problem than what you might want to do is discuss it with your flight instructor. There is no doubt that they have had a multitude of other students going through the same thing you are and they may be able to give you some good advice.
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A trip to the city of Baghdad could be the perfect holiday idea. While most people turn to the usual destinations, the capital of Iraq is usually not the first place you would think of. If you have finally decided to make that trip then you will have to start by looking up flights to Baghdad. This is easier said than done and many individuals find it quite tough to find economical flights flying out to this city.

All is not lost and you can always turn to the Internet for help. There are quite a few travel companies that have their own websites catering to people who are looking for cheap yet comfortable flights out to the Middle East. However, one needs to be cautious about the site you decide to trust. Don't make any hasty decisions while paying for your tickets. The best thing to do would be to look up a handful of sites before deciding to purchase your ticket from a particular one.

Not many people are aware of the various tourist attractions that the city of Baghdad has to offer. However, if you chat with a person who has travelled to this city, he/she will tell you that there are quite a few interesting places to check out here.

The best place to start would be the ancient city of Babylon. This archaeological wonder attracts a lot of tourists who want to take in the sights of the ancient city-state. Not only does it have a lot of history attached to it, there are still some parts of the walls of the ancient city left intact for those interested tourists. The reconstruction of Babylon has helped bolster tourism and this is perhaps one of the biggest reasons why many people vacation in Baghdad.

Another great place to be is the National Museum of Iraq which houses many priceless items which date back to the Mesopotamian civilization. This is one of the most important collections of the 5000 year old civilization and all the artefacts have helped renowned archaeologists write the history of this society which existed ages ago!

At the end of the day, flights to Baghdad need to be researched with a lot of care. If you have a friend or relative who has visited the place in the past then you can ask them for advice on which travel company to approach. Choose wisely.
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An artificial system that copies or simulates the act of flying an aircraft in a realistic manner is a flight simulator. A flight sim is available from a computer game to actual cockpit replica placed on a hydraulic actuator, controlled by sophisticated computer technology. Use of flight simulator in the aviation industry is varied - from training pilots and flight crew to design and development in civil and military aircraft. Aerospace manufacturers also use the engineering flight simulators to develop and test flight hardware, software and aircraft systems.

Mainly a flight sim is used for training of pilots. The Part Task Trainers (PPT) is for the beginner covering one or more aircraft systems and the Cockpit Procedures Trainers (CPT) is meant for practicing drills and checks. The advanced Full Flight Simulators (FFS) with motion platforms have the ability to move in all six degrees-of-freedom (6-DoF) combined with visual system to view the outside world. These high-end simulators have a Control Loading System to give a feel of real forces on pilot controls to trainee pilots.

An advanced flight sim also provides a pilot the experience of three rotations and three linear movements. Training for normal and emergency operating procedures such as engine failures and aircraft system malfunction like flight instruments, hydraulics, electrics, pressurization, etc. can be availed in a flight simulator.

Flight simulator software was the harbinger of programs developed for computer game technologies. Each game was mostly based on the real world, striving for realism to reach a wider audience. The games can be used for basic flight training apart from leisure time engagement. Various flight sim software provide for flying experience in different types of aircraft in good number of landscapes and environment.

Home entertainment changed drastically after flight simulator software was available for free download on the Internet.  

Rest assured, I have tested out nearly every Flight Sim on the market today, and I have found one which I can personally recommend.
Stop wasting your money and time on disappointing flight simulators.

I have put them all through the test and after hundreds of hours flying I have finally found a winner and I can guarantee it will be the closest you will get to a Real Life Flying experience without actually leaving your house.
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Business aircraft owners are the individuals who are mainly involved in business aviation and are most likely to enter into aircraft sharing arrangements. From occasional users to industry veterans, there are different types of sharing structures which are based broadly on certain issues like legal, regulatory, operational, economic, tax, liability, and disclosure perspectives. Some of these sharing structures are Time Sharing, Interchange, Joint Ownership, Dry Leasing and Fractional.

Time Sharing: Is an arrangement whereby a person leases his airplane along with flight crew to another person and no other charges are collected, other than for any direct expenses incurred during with the flight, like for example twice the cost of fuel must be paid. This charging restriction is its main limitation. This leasing of the aircraft along with the crew is also sometimes known as "Wet Lease". It is most useful for short term arrangements where full cost recovery is not essential.

Interchange:  Interchange is an arrangement mainly useful for two or more companies, where each of them owns an aircraft. They exchange aircrafts to swap time which is mutually convenient. The exchange must be hour for hour for similar aircrafts, that is one cannot trade two hours on a Citation for one hour on a Gulfstream. But an hourly charge can be levied for the differential operating costs. Interchange sometimes of include leasing where FAA permits "wet" interchanges, whereby each party provides its aircraft and crew to the other. "Dry" interchanges have are also permitted where each lessee uses its own crew. Normally "dry" leasing has always been more common in the private carriage camp than "wet" leasing.

Co Ownership: This is an old practice since decades where companies mutually agree to share ownership of an aircraft. There is no prohibition on doing so as per the law. Each co owner has the right to operate the aircraft independently or contract out individually or collectively for management services. These arrangements are viewed to be private from an FAA perspective and not subject to the Truth in Leasing provisions. The co owners would be unable to charge each other for operating the aircraft.

Each method has its own sets of advantages and limitations and hence has to be chosen appropriately keeping in mind your annual flight hour requirements, the type of aircraft you wish to fly and both the location of your starting and destination places.
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If you have begun your research into pilot study becoming a licensed private pilot then you have discovered that there are two major training segments at aviation flight schools that you must complete. First the pre solo segment then the post solo segment.

Of course, it stands to reason that there are many things you must learn and become proficient in during pilot study before you attempt your first solo. After all, once you reach this stage there is no room for error. Safety no matter what segment of training you are at must be the priority.

A qualified flight instructor are very adept at judging whether an individual is ready to learn to fly solo. If they are not at that stage yet in their pilot study but have completed the pre solo segment then that particular student can be moved onto the post solo requirements. Although this is nothing something many aviation academy schools will do, it is a very feasible possibility. The solo hours when you learn to fly can be concluded after this part of your ppl licence. Quite often, the biggest stumbling block to not flying solo is the insecurities experiences with the landings. In cases such as this, extra flights during pilot study are a good solution and can help towards private pilot exams. This is where an added expense may occur if you did not count on extra flights when considering your private pilot license cost.

So you are faced with the two segments as we mentioned which is the aeronautical knowledge and then once that has been successfully completed you move on to aeronautical experience. It makes common sense that a thorough knowledge of flying requirements be well absorbed before a would be commercialpilot takes to the air.

It does not matter how much an individual loves to learn to fly when they become the one behind the controls there is bound to be a certain amount of insecurity seep in to begin with. It is up to the flight instructor to know exactly what level of knowledge and confidence their students are at. The Pilot in training logbook becomes the most important record of knowledge and experience when it comes to their completion of qualifications and training. Everything they learn and do must be recorded here. Every requirement of training in an aviation academy must be noted and signed by the training instructor. Without the logbook, being properly completed there is no point in even attempting to qualify for your license. There is no overlooking any of the requirements. The examiners are strict and rigid on their demands.

Do not try to cut yourself short on your studies for pre solo requirements. If you take this segment of your course when you learn to fly lightly then there is a good chance you are not going to progress past this point. That means you will never acquire your private pilots license and you have wasted your money and the aviation academy. Flying is a very serious responsibility and a priviledge. Therefore, all aspects of training including both theory and practical must be approached in that manner. It is natural to want to get up in that plane totally on your own as quickly as possible. It can only be done with safety being the priority.

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In the early 70's widebody airplanes like Boeing 747, Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 "Tristar" were a synonym of comfort and huge capacity. After a decade of american hegemony in the sky, a new rival appeared on the horizont and the fight took fire on new territories. He exceeded the rivalry between Boeing and McDonnell Douglas only to burst into a duel between West Europe and the USA. The new airplane-manufactoring giant, which gradually was gathering strenght against the american domination on the market, was a kid of the joint-venture between France, Germany, the UK and Spain. The collating of the biggest european countries was not accidental, because earlier each of them alone has suffered a reverse in the attempt to overcome the giants across the ocean - the frenchmen with their "Mercury" and "Caravelle", the English with their "Trident". But now, in the beginning of the21th century, Air bus is the best selling airplane-manufactoring company in the world, lefting behind the archirival Boeing.
Airbus Industries was founded in december 1970 by four consortiums: Aerospatiale - France (37.9%), Daimler-Benz Aerospace - Germany (37.9%), British Aerospace - UK (20%) and Casa - Spain (4.2%).

Airbus A 300-600 ST Beluga
The freighter made his first flight in 1994. His assigment is to transport the different parts of the Air bus airplanes (for example - wings, body, engines) from the manufacturer to the Airbus works in Toulouse, France. Because of his specific forms, Beluga is known as "the flying whale".

Technical specs:
Lenght: 55.16m
Wingspan: 44.84m
Height: 17.25m
Range: 1 665-5 700km

Airbus A 300
Airbus A 300 is the first widebody airplane with two engines, assigned to transport passangers between the
european capital cities. The airplane can carry 250 passengers in two-class and 336 in one-class configuration. The first flight has been made on the 28th of october 1972. Since then 250 airplanes has been in five versions - B1, B2, B4-200, C4/F4, 600 and 600ER.

Technical specs:
Lenght: 54.08m
Wingspan: 44.84m
Height: 16.53m
Range: 6 968km

Airbus A-310
The next model is assigned to fly on long-range destinations. The first flight has been made on the 3rd of april 1982. The new airplane has shorter fuselage than A 300 and can carry less passangers. There are four versions of this aircraft - 200, 200C, 200F, and 300.

Technical specs:
Lenght: 46.64m
Wingspan: 43.89m
Height: 15.80m
Range: 9 175km

Airbus A-318
Air bus A318 is the smallest Airbus on the market. He belongs to the A320 family. The aircraft can carry 100 passangers. Thanks to the newest engines and technologies, A318 is the most rantabile airplane at the moment. He can compete with regional aircrafts like Embraer and Bombardier.

Technical specs:
Lenght: 31.75m
Wingspan: 32.43m
Height: 11.76m
Range: 4 500km

Airbus A-319
The exploatation of the A-319 begins in may 1996 as the plane flies for first time in the colours of Swissair.
The model is a shortened version of A-320 and in two-class configuration can carry 126 passangers. With his range and capacity, A-319 can compete the dutch Fokker 100.

Technical specs:
Lenght: 33.84m
Wingspan: 34.10m
Height: 11.76m
Range: 4 500km

Air bus A-320
On the air festival in Le Bourget on the 6th of june 1981, Airbus presents his newest project - the A-320.
Built on the newest airspace technologies, A-320 is effective, efficient and easy for exploatation and maintance, and most important - cheaper than the the other airplanes in this segment. A-320 can carry 146 passengers and steps into exploatation for Air France in 1988. Over 1100 aircrafts have been built since 1984.

Technical specs(A-320-200):
Lenght: 37.57m
Wingspan: 34.10m
Height: 11.76m
Range: 5 551km


Air bus A-321
A-321 is the fourth plane of the A-320 family. He is a longer version of the base model - A-320. A-321 is assigned to carry 220 passangers in two-class configuration. His maximum take-off weight is 89 000kg.
104 airplanes have been delivered to the airlines.

Technical specs(A321-200):
Lengt: 44.51m
Wingspan: 34.10m
Height: 11.80m
Range: 4 907km


Air bus A-330
In november 1992 - one year after the first flight of A-340, takes off the first A-330. He is the biggest two-engine airplane of Air bus. There are two versions of the A-330 - A330-200 and A-330-300. The A-330-300 has the same dimensions as the A-340-300 but with two engines less and with 335 passangers can fly 8900km without refueling. He is also 20% lighter than the A-340-300 and has take-off weight of
208 000kg.

Technical specs(A-330-300):
Lenght: 63.65m
Wingspan: 60.30m
Height: 16.84m
Range: 8 900km


Airbus A-340
Special attention deserves the A-340 which is built as an answer of the Boeing 777. This four-engine, long-range aircraft makes his first flight on the 25th of october 1991. There are four variants of this plane - A-340-200, -300, -500 and -600. The differents between them are the dimensions, the capacity and the range. Alltogether 286 A-340s are delivered to the airlines.

Technical specs(A-340-200):
Lenght: 59.39m
Wingspan: 60.30m
Height: 16.74m
Range: 13 805km
Capacity: 262 (3-class config)

Technical specs(A-340-300):
Lenght: 63.65m
Wingspan: 60.30m
Height: 16.74m
Range: 12 325km
Capacity:295 (3-class config)

Technical specs(A-340-500):
Lenght: 66.83m
Wingspan: 63.60m
Height: 17.74m
Range: 15 355km
Capacity: 316 (3-class config)

Technical specs(A-340-600):
Lenght: 74.37m
Wingspan: 63.85m
Height: 17.14m
Range: 13 960km
Capacity: 375 (3-class config)
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A airport holding pattern are areas located a few miles away from an airport. Many larger airports like London Heathrow have four aircraft holding points, which are located North East, North West, South East and South West. There are several reasons for creating holding or entry points to the airport in the first instance. 

- Create a structed system for arriving aircraft to make an airport landing safely.

-To sequence the planes into an orderly flow as arriving planes can't all land on a single runway at once.

- Holding pattern around an airport area of control also have departing flight to co-ordinate. Having a safe landing system helps with the flow of aircraft arriving and departing in volume.

In order to have a safe functuring system to co-ordinate all this airport activity, you need to have a well-trained team of air traffic controls, electronic systems like Instrument Landing System (ILS) and of course high-tech radar. Aircraft guidance is provided by the ILS receivers in the plane by performing a modulation depth comparison.  An ILS consists of two independent sub-systems, one providing lateral guidance localizer, the other vertical guidance to aircraft approaching a runway on a glideslope.

The Holding Pattern and Approach Charts

Approaching a holding pattern new arrivals will be added at the top. The aircraft at the bottom of the stack will be taken out and allowed to make an approach first, after which all aircraft in the stack move down one level, usually in lots of 1000 feet.

All this movement of aircraft is managed in an traffic control center by air traffic control (ATC) but more specifically by a dedicated controller called a stack controller for each individual pattern.  Standard holding pattern uses right-hand turns which when completed takes roughly 4 minutes to complete. This is broken down into a minute for each 180 ' turn and two one-minute straight ahead flights.
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The four holding stakes for London Heathrow Airport.
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The holding pattern from stake to ILS approach.
The three types of entry to a holding stake.

A holding pattern basically consists of three standard types of entries:

- A direct entry is when the plane flies directly to the holding fix then immediately begins the first turn outbound.

- A parallel entry is when the plane flies to the holding fix, parallels the inbound course for a minute outbound, and then turns back, flies directly to the fix, and continues in the hold from there.

- An offset or teardrop entry is when the plane flies to the holding fix, turns into a protected area, flies for a minute, and then turns back inbound, proceeds to the fix then continues.

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